To date. studies on host preferences and blood meal identification have been conducted for Culicoides species using molecular-based methods such as PCR techniques to amplify only a fragment from universal vertebrate mitochondrial genes such as Cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) or Cytochrome b (Cyt b). The vertebrate prepronociceptin gene (PNOC) was also tested in this field. However. https://spencertifieders.shop/product-category/ups/