The incidence of diabetic retinopathy globally calls for advanced and more universally applicable computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems. This survey paper explores the current state of vision-based CAD techniques for the detection and classification of diabetic retinopathy. a diabetes-induced eye disorder that can lead to severe visual impairment or blindness. Characterized by a vari... https://allfixelectricales.shop/product-category/mains-plug-tops/